#1: Gathering the Light
The first thing you should know is that Hubble is a telescope. Like any telescope, it magnifies and focuses light.
There are two basic kinds of telescopes: Refractor telescopes and reflector telescopes.
A refractor telescope uses a system of lenses to magnify and focus light. This is the kind that Galileo used in 1609 when he first discovered the moons of Jupiter.
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