| 1905 |
H. G. Wells: A Modern Utopia (novel): optimistic view of technologically-dependent society |
| 1909 |
E. M. Forster: 'The Machine Stops' (story/novella). First technological dystopia, highlighting over-dependence on machines |
| 1920 |
Yevgeny Zamiatin: We (novel), (US translation 1924): dystopian vision of society in which people treated like machines |
| 1921 |
Karel Capek: R.U.R. [Rossum's Universal Robots] (Czech play): creation of robots (actually androids) which develop consciousness but satire on treating people like machines |
| 1926 |
Hugo Gernsback founded Amazing Stories (magazine)
Fritz Lang: Metropolis (film): regimented society with people dwarfed by machines |
| 1930 |
Miles J. Breuer: 'Paradise and Iron' (story): mechanical brain coordinating technological utopia turns into tyrant
Laurence Manning & Fletcher Pratt: 'City of the Living Dead' (story): machines simulate real experience for people
|
| 1931 |
Frankenstein (film) with Boris Karloff: nothing like novel but established mad scientist |
| 1932 |
Aldous Huxley: Brave New World (novel): dystopian rejection of technological 'progress' |
| 1933 |
H. G. Wells: The Shape of Things to Come (novel). Last major technologically utopian novel (film 1936) |
